#17Feb and the so-called social media revolution: a decade over the Libya’s uprising
Mots-clés :
social media activism, hashtags, Arab Spring, social media warRésumé
A decade after the end of the Gaddafi’s regime in Libya, the country remains mired in a civil war and a humanitarian crisis. After more than 40 years under an autocratic rule, the Arab Spring was the promise of a transition to democracy with the guarantee of ensuring human rights and freedom of expression. In 2011, several actors advocated regime change and social media activism was mobilised in different approaches. As a result, the day that became known as #17feb was the beginning of the end of the Gaddafi dictatorship. This article endeavours to contribute to a reflection on the role of social media in the uprising and the post-revolution situation, considering activism and its propagandistic appropriation. Ultimately, this article aims to contribute to a historical record about the role of social media activism in the Arab Spring in Libya.
Références
Alqudsi-Ghabra, T. (2012). Creative use of social media in the revolutions of Tunisia, Egypt & Libya. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(6), 147-158.
Alterman, J. B. (2011). The revolution will not be tweeted. The Washington Quarterly, 34(4), 103-116. DOI: 10.1080/0163660X.2011.610714
Amaral, I. (2014). Lybia. In K. Harvey (Org.), Encyclopedia of Social Media and Politics (pp. 767-771), Vol. 2. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Amaral, I. (2016). Redes sociais na internet: sociabilidades emergentes. Covilhã: Editora LabCom.
Amaral, I. (2020). Participation and Media| Citizens Beyond Troika: Media and Anti-Austerity Protests in Portugal. International Journal of Communication, 14(21), 3309–3329. DOI: 1932–8036/20200005
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, communication & society, 15(5), 739-768. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661
Bickford, S. (2011). Emotion talk and political judgment. The Journal of Politics, 73(4), 1025-1037. DOI: 10.1017/S0022381611000740
Bimber, B. (2017). Three prompts for collective action in the context of digital media. Political Communication, 34(1), 6-20. DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2016.1223772
Biswas, M., & Sipes, C. (2014). Social Media in Syria's Uprising and Post-Revolution Libya: An Analysis of Activists' and Blogger's Online Engagement. Arab Media & Society (19), 1-21.
Bucher, T. (2018). If... then: Algorithmic power and politics. Oxford University Press.
Bucher, T., & Helmond, A. (2018). The affordances of social media platforms. In Burgess, J, Poell, T, Marwick, A (eds) The Sage Handbook of Social Media (pp. 233-253). London; New York: SAGE.
Comunello, F., & Anzera, G. (2012). Will the revolution be tweeted? A conceptual framework for understanding the social media and the Arab Spring. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 23(4), 453-470. DOI: 10.1080/09596410.2012.712435
Cottle, S. (2011). Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011: Research notes. Journalism, 12(5), 647-659. DOI: 10.1177/1464884911410017.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 4(4), 615-633. DOI: 10.1080/13691180110097030
Duncombe, C. (2011). The Twitter revolution? Social media, representation and crisis in Iran and Libya. In Australian Political Science Association Conference (APSA) 2011 (pp. 1-12). Australian National University, School of Politics and International Relations.
Elareshi, M. (2020). Media and social change in Libya. In Miladi, N., & Mellor, N. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook on Arab Media (pp. 193-204). London, New York: Routledge.
Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press.
Ghannam, J. (2011). Social Media in the Arab World: Leading up to the Uprisings of 2011. Center for international media assistance, 3(1), 1-44.
Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P. J., & Foot, K. A. (Eds.). (2014). Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society. MIT Press.
Goldstone, J. A. (2011). Understanding the revolutions of 2011: weakness and resilience in Middle Eastern autocracies. Foreign Affairs, 90(3), 8–16
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. DOI: 10.1086/225469
Harlow, S. (2013). “It was a Facebook revolution”: Exploring the meme-like spread of narratives during the Egyptian protest. Revista de Comunicación, (12), 59-82.
Human Rights Watch (2006). Libya: Words to Deeds The Urgent Need for Human Rights Reform. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/libya0106/index.htm
Human Rights Watch (2015). War on the Media. Journalists under Attack in Libya. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/libya0106/index.htm
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.
Kitchin, R. (2017). Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 14-29. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087
Krause, S. R. (2008). Civil passions. Princeton University Press.
Krause, S. R. (2011). Empathy, democratic politics, and the impartial juror. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 7(1), 81-100. DOI: 10.1177/1743872109355567
Morris, L. (2014). Contextualizing the power of social media: Technology, communication and the Libya Crisis. First Monday 19(12). DOI: 10.5210/fm.v19i12.5318
Papaioannou, T., & Olivos, H. E. (2013). Cultural identity and social media in the Arab spring: Collective goals in the use of Facebook in the Libyan context. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 6(2-3), 99-114. DOI: 10.1386/jammr.6.2-3.99_1
personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768.
Rane, H., & Salem, S. (2012). Social media, social movements and the diffusion of ideas in the Arab uprisings. The Journal of International Communication, 18(1), 97-111. DOI: 10.1080/13216597.2012.662168
Reardon, S. (2012). Was it really a Facebook revolution?. New Scientist, 214(2859), 24. DOI: 10.1016/S0262-4079(12)60889-6
Reporters Without Borders (2010/2016). Reporters Without Borders contributes to UN Human Rights Council review of Libya. https://rsf.org/en/news/reporters-without-borders-contributes-un-human-rights-council-review-libya
Rogers, R. (2009). Mapping public Webspace with the Issuecrawler. In Brossard, C., & Reber, B. (Eds.) Digital Cognitive Technologies: Epistemology and Knowledge Society (pp. 115-126). London: Whiley.
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe, 27.
