The relevance of public speech in the presidency of Donald Trump – the US elections in analysis
Palavras-chave:
political communication, american presidential elections, public speeches, campaign themes, D. Trump, electoral systemResumo
The importance of the US presidential elections results from the analysis of several factors, both at the systemic level and their impact on the international political order. In the middle term of the Donald Trump's presidency, it is important to analyze the discourse model used and its impact on election results. In fact, many studies have focused on the characteristics of the voters that led to Trump's victory, leading a short discussion about the importance and the role of public speech in the electoral battle of 2016. The campaign discourse and the way Donald Trump keep the communication strategy during the mandate is a key element to understand the US political system and could represent a new model to analyze the different concepts of leadership at a global level. A close insight into it can illustrate many facets and facts about discourse as an instrument in electoral campaign and how it is perceived by voters. The study investigates D. Trump’s speeches during the 2016 presidential elections in order to identify his sentiments, discourse themes and strategies. We used the technique of content analysis and event-analysis, along with the descriptive approach, with the aim of outlining the impact of Donald Trump's public speeches during this period. The study revealed that Trump’s speeches were topic oriented. The study allowed us to deepen the knowledge about the role of political public speeches and the new strategy adopted by Donald Trump to keep a significant average of supporters.Referências
(2018, September 18). Presidential Election Process. Retrieved from www.usa.gov/election (2018, September 08). Retorica. Dictionary Priberam da Língua Portuguesa [online], 2008-2013.
Retrieved from https://dicionario.priberam.org/ret%C3%B3rica
(2018, August 24). United States Department of Labor. Data tools. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000
(2017, September 25). Crime Statistics Released: Violent crime increases, property crime decreases FBI News. Retrieved from www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2016-crime-statistics-released
Banville, L. (2017). Covering American politics in the 21st century: an encyclopedia on news media titans, trends, and controversies. Santa Barbara: California: ABC-CLIO.
Bardin, L. (1991 [1977]). Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Benoit, W. (2003, December). Topic of presidential campaign discourse and election outcome. Western Journal of Communication, 67(1): 97-112. DOI: 10.1080/10570310309374760.
Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. New York: The Free Press.
Bhathia, A. (2016). Discursive Illusions in Public Discourse: Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.
Blumler, J. & Gurevitch, M. (1995). The crisis of political communication. London: Routledge.
Bull, P. (2003). The Microanalysis of Political Communication: Claptrap and ambiguity. London/New York: Routledge.
Burns, A.; Appelbaum, B.; & Irwin, N. (2016, September 15). Donald Trump vows to create 25 million jobs over next decade. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2016/
/16/us/politics/donald-trump-economy-speech.html
Caldwell, L. (2015, Dec. 31). Eight Issues That Could Shape Politics in 2016. NBC NEWS.
Retrieved from www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/eight-issues-could-shape-politics-2016-n456671
Carreon, J. & Svetanant, C. (2017). What lies underneath a political speech?: Critical discourse analysis of Thai PM’s political speeches aired on the TV programme Returning happiness to
the people. Open Linguistics, 3(1): 638-655. Retrieved from www.degruyter.com/view/j/opli.2017.3.issue-1/opli-2017-0032/opli-2017-0032.xml. DOI: 10.1515/opli-2017-0032
Charteris-Black, J. (2013). Analyzing political speeches: Rhetoric, discourse and metaphor. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
Chomsky, N. (1991). A Manipulação dos Media. Os efeitos extraordinários da propaganda. Mem Martins: Editorial Inquérito.
Christie, K. (ed.) (2008). United States foreign policy and national identity in the twenty-firstcentury. New York: Routledge.
Cockcroft, R.; Cockroft, S. & Hamilton, C. (eds) (2014). Persuading People: an introduction to rhetoric. Basingstoke, Hampshire / New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Costa, B. (2017). A Vitória de Donald Trump na Imprensa Portuguesa – a (im)parcialidade em perspectiva. Estudos da Comunicação, (24): 83-105.
Degani, M. (2015). Framing the Rhetoric of a Leader: An Analysis of Obama’s Election Campaign Speeches. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Degani, M.; Frassi, P. & Lorenzetti, M. (eds.) (2016). The Language of Politics, vol. 2. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Easton, D. (1965). A framework for political analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Espírito Santo, P. (2010). Introdução à Metodologia das Ciências Sociais. Lisboa: Sílabo.
Ferrari, F. & O’Loughlin, B. (2018). Red lines and rash decisions: Syria, metaphor and narrative. Doing Politics: Discursivity, performativity and mediation in political discourse, (80): 387-
Figueiras, R. (2006). Lobbying e Marketing Político. Comunicação & Cultura: 9-14.
Ghasani, A. (2016, September). Study of persuasive strategies in selected American presidential speeches. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 3(2): 631-647.
Graber, D. (2004). Mediated politics and citizenship in the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology, 55: 545-571.
Gramlich, J. (2016, November 29). Trump voters want to build the wall, but a more divided on other immigration questions. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/fa
ct-tank/2016/11/29/trump-voters-want-to-build-the-wall-but-are-more-divided-on-other-immigration-questions/
Heiskanen, B. & Butters, A. (2017, summer). Popularizing Electoral politics: Change in the 2016 U.S. presidential race. European Journal of American Studies, 12(2). Retrieved from
http://journals.openedition.org/ejas/12111. DOI: 10.4000/ejas.12111.
Hendershot, H. (2016). On political rhetoric and outsider candidates. Access 16.08.2018. Retrieved from https://shass.mit.edu/news/news-2016-election-insights-heather-hendershot-political-rhetoric-and-outsider-candidates
Kendall, K. (1995). Presidential campaign discourse: strategic communication problems. New York: SUNY Press.
Matthews, Chris (2016, August 8). Donald trump calls unemployment rate one of the “Biggest Hoaxes in Politics”. Fortune. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2016/08/08/donald-trumphoax/
Mayhead, M. & Marshall, B. (2005). Women’s political discourse: a 21st – century perspective. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
McCarthy, J. (2015, March 17). In U.S. worries about terrorism, Race Relations Up Sharply. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/182018/worries-terrorism-race-relations-sharply.aspx
Mcnair, B. (1999). An introduction to political communication. London: Routledge, 2nd Edition.
Mohammadi, M. & Javadi, J. (2017). A critical discourse analysis of Donald Trump’s language use in U.S. presidential campaign, 2016. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 6(5): 1-10. DOI: 10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.5p.1
Moon, R. (2016, November 24). Donald Trump and Public Discourse. Retrieved from https://cfe.ryerson.ca/blog/2016/11/donald-trump-and-public-discourse
Moreira, A. (2003). Ciência Política. Coimbra: Almedina.
Mundim, P. (2010). Um modelo para medir os efeitos da cobertura da imprensa no voto: teste nas eleições de 2002 e 2006. Opinião Pública, 16(2): 394-425.
Nohlen, D. (2007). Os Sistemas Eleitorais: o contexto faz a diferença. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte.
Oates, S. (2016, November). Trump, media, and the ‘oxygen of publicity’. In D. Lilleker, D. Jackson, E. Thorsen & A. Veneti (eds.), US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign
(pp.22-23). Poole, England: The Centre for the Study of Journalism, Culture and Community.
Retrieved from http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/24976/1/US%20Election%20Analysis%202016%20-%20Lilleker%20Thorsen%20Jackson%20and%20Veneti%20v1.pdf
Pasquino, G. (2005). Sistemas Políticos Comparados. Cascais: Princípia.
Peters, G. & Woolley, J. (2016, October 19). Presidential Candidates Debates: Presidential Debate at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119039
Rachman, A. & Yunianti, S. (2017, September). Critical discourse analysis in D. Trump presidential campaign to win American’s heart. TELL Journal, 5(2): 8-17.
Rodin, J. & Steinberg, S. (eds.) (2003). Public discourse in America: conversation and community in the twenty-first century. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Roubini, N. (2017, January 2). “America First” and Globl Conflict Next. Project Syndicate. Retrieved from www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-isolationism-undermines-peaceworldwide-by-nouriel-roubini-2017-01?barrier=accesspaylog
Schiappa, E. (2016). On campaign discourse. Access 16.08.2018. Retrieved from https://shass.mit.edu/news/news-2016-election-insights-edward-schiappa-campaign-discourse
Serrano, E. (2006). A dimensão política do jornalismo. Comunicação e Cultura, (2): 63-81.
Stuckey, M. (2017, August 25). Unlike Trump, most presidents emphasize our common ideals. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkeycage/
wp/2017/08/25/unlike-trump-most-presidents-try-to-unite-americans-around-our-common-ideals-in-their-speeches/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.68c8b0d768c5
Trump, D. (2016, October 22). Remarks on Proposals for the First 100 Days in Office at the Eisenhower Complex in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The American Presidency Project. www.presid
ency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119875
Trump, D. (2016, October 13). Remarks at the South Florida Fair Expo Center in West Palm Beach, Florida. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119180
Trump, D. (2016, October 3). Remarks at the Pueblo Convention Center in Pueblo, Colorado. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119166
Trump, D. (2016, September 30). Remarks at the Suburban Collection Showplace in Novi, Michigan. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119179
Trump, D. (2016, September 16). Remarks at a Rally at the James L. Knight Center in Miami, Florida. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119208
Trump, D. (2016, September 15). Remarks to the Economic Club of New York at theWaldorf Astoria in New York City. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved from www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119209
Trump, D. (2016, September 9). Remarks to the 11th Annual Values Voter Summit in Washington, DC Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C. THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY PROJECT.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119194
Trump, D. (2016, August 31). Remarks on Immigration at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119805
Trump, D. (2016, August, 24). The official page of Donald J. Trump. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/?fref=nf
Trump, D. (2016, August 18). Remarks at the Charlotte Convention Center in Charlotte, North Carolina. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119175
Trump, D. (2016, August 15). Remarks at Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio.
The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119503
Trump, D. (2016, August 8). Remarks to the Detroit Economic Club. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=119744
Trump, D. (2016, July 20). The media is spending more time doing a forensic analysis of Melania’s speech than the FBI spent on Hillary’s emails. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/posts/the-media-is-spending-more-time-doing-a-forensic-analysis-of-melanias-speech-tha/10157341328900725/
Williams, C. (2017, July 31). Introduction: Social Media, Political Marketing and the 2016 U.S. Election. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(3-4): 207-211. DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2017.1345828.
Wolton, D. (1999). Pensar a comunicação. Lisboa: Difel.
Yaqub, U.; Chun, S. & Atluri, V. (2017, December). Analysis of political discourse on twitter in the context of the 2016 US presidential elections. Government Information Quarterly, 34(4):
-626. DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2017.11.001.
Zarevsky, D. (2014). Political argumentation in the United States. New York: John Benjamins.