Governança algorítmica e ne(ur)oliberalismo: homo algorithmicus e homo œconomicus

Autores

Palavras-chave:

Governança Algorítmica, Plataformas Algorítmicas, Homo algorithmicus, Homo œconomicus, Neoliberalismo, Neuroliberalismo

Resumo

A economia política neoliberal pressupõe como seu motor um agente imbuído de racionalidade, o homo œconomicus, cuja natureza é aprofundada pela economia comportamental, que representa uma espécie de neuroliberalismo. Levando em conta o contexto social no qual evolvem as plataformas algorítmicas, os modelos de negócios que adotam e suas peculiaridades tecnológicas, este artigo, baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica, estabelece um paralelo entre o homo œconomicus ne(ur)oliberal e o usuário das plataformas, descrito como homo algorithmicus. Ne(ur)oliberalismo e governança algorítmica compartilham a dataficação da subjetividade, a hierarquização das preferências, o imperativo da escolha, o mito da competição e o empreendedorismo de si.

Biografia Autor

Julio Cesar Lemes de Castro, Laboratório de Teoria Social, Filosofia e Psicanálise - Universidade de São Paulo

Pesquisador do Laboratório de Teoria Social, Filosofia e Psicanálise (Latesfip-USP). Doutor em Comunicação
e Semiótica (PUC-SP), com pós-doutorados em Psicologia Social (USP), Comunicação e Cultura (UFRJ) e
Comunicação e Cultura (Uniso).

Referências

Aggarwal, A., & Kumaraguru, P. (2015). What they do in shadows: Twitter underground follower market. In Proceedings of the 13. Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST) (pp. 93-100). Piscatawey: IEEE Computer Society.

Altman, E., Kumar, P., Venkatramanan, S., & Kumar, A. (2013). Competition over timeline in social networks. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2013) (pp. 1352-1357). New York: ACM.

Amatriain, X., Pujol, J. M., & Oliver, N. (2009). I like it... I like it not: evaluating user ratings noise in recommender systems (pp. 247-258). In G.-J. Houben, G. McCalla, F. Pianesi, & M. Zancanaro (Eds.), User modeling, adaptation, and personalization: 17th International Conference, UMAP 2009 (formerly UM and AH), Trento, Italy, June 22-26, 2009, Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer.

Angner, E. (2019). We’re all behavioral economists now. Journal of Economic Methodology, 26(3), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2019.1625210

Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably irrational: the hidden forces that shape our decisions. New York: HarperCollins.

Banet-Weiser, S. (2012). Authentic TM: the politics of ambivalence in a brand culture. New York and London: New York University Press.

Bauman, Z. (2007). Consuming life. Cambridge, UK, and Malden: Polity Press.

Bauman, Z., & Lyon, D. (2013). Liquid surveillance: a conversation. Cambridge, UK, and Malden: Polity Press.

Becker, G. S. (1976). The economic approach to human behavior. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Becker, G. S. (1996). Accounting for tastes. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press.

Becker, G. S., Ewald, F., & Harcourt, B. (2012, Sep). Becker on Ewald on Foucault on Becker: American neoliberalism and Michel Foucault’s 1979 Birth of biopolitics lectures. University of Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper, 401.

Becker, G. S., & Posner, R. A. (2009). Uncommon sense: economic insights, from marriage to terrorism. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Belk, R. W. (1988, Sep). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154

Brooks, D. (2013, Feb 5). The philosophy of data. The New York Times, A-23.

Brown, W. (2015). Undoing the demos: neoliberalism’s stealth revolution. New York: Zone Books.

Camerer, C., Issacharoff, S., Loewenstein, G., O’Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (2003). Regulation for conservatives: behavioral economics and the case for “asymmetric paternalism”. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151, 1211-1254.

Camerer, C. F., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). Behavioral economics: past, present, future. In C. F. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, & M. Rabin (Eds.), Advances in behavioral economics (pp. 3-51). New York: Russell Sage Foundation/Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Carr, Nicholas (2008, Jul/Aug). Is Google making us stupid? The Atlantic.

Cassidy, J. (2006, May 15). Me media. The New Yorker.

Castro, J. C. L. (2017). Antecedentes do homo œconomicus neoliberal. In: A.Correia, D. Nascimento & M. C. Müller (Orgs.), Filosofia política contemporânea (pp. 92-109). São Paulo: ANPOF.

Castro, J. C. L. (2018, mai-ago). Redes sociais como modelo de governança algorítmica. Matrizes, 12(2), 165-191.

Castro, J. C. L. (2019, set-dez). Plataformas algorítmicas: interpelação, perfilamento e performatividade. Revista Famecos, 26(3), 1-24.

Castro, J. C. L. (2020a). Máquinas de guerra híbrida em plataformas algorítmicas. E-Compós, 23, 1-29.

Castro, J. C. L. (2020b, jan-abr). Neoliberalismo, guerra híbrida e a campanha presidencial de 2018. Comunicação & Sociedade, 42(1), 261-291.

Castro, J. C. L. (2020c, mai-ago). Controle via agência em plataformas algorítmicas. Galáxia, 44, 144-157.

Castro, J. C. L. (2020d). Governança algorítmica e economia libidinal. In Anais do XXIX Encontro Anual da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação. Campo Grande: Compós.

Castro, J. C. L. (2021, jul-dez). Plataformas algorítmicas e economia da desinformação. Estudos em Jornalismo e Mídia, 18(2), 91-103.

Chiravirakul, P., & Payne, S. J. (2014). Choice overload in search engine use? In Proceedings of the CHI ‘14: SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1285-1294). New York: ACM.

Choe, E. K., Lee, N. B., Lee, B., Pratt, W., & Kientz, J. A. (2014). Understanding quantified-selfers’ practices in collecting and exploring personal data. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘14) (pp. 1143-1152). New York: ACM.

Couldry, N., Fotopoulou, A., & Dickens, L. (2016, Mar). Real social analytics: a contribution towards a phenomenology of a digital world. British Journal of Sociology, 67(1), 118-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12183

Cristofaro, E., Friedman, A., Jourjon, G., Kaafar, M. A., & Shafiq, M. Z. (2014). Paying for likes? Understanding Facebook like fraud using honeypots. In Proceedings of the IMC ‘14: Internet Measurement Conference (pp. 129-135). New York: ACM.

Dardot, P., & Laval, C. (2016). A nova razão do mundo: ensaio sobre a sociedade neoliberal (M. Echalar, trad.). São Paulo: Boitempo.

David, S., & Pinch, T. (2006, Mar 6). Six degrees of reputation: the use and abuse of online review and recommendation systems. First Monday, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v11i3.1315

Dean, J. (2009). Democracy and other neoliberal fantasies: communicative capitalism and left politics. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) Getting paid to do what you love: gender, social media, and aspirational work. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Ekbia, H., & Nardi, B. (2014, Jun 2). Heteromation and its (dis)contents: the invisible division of labor between humans and machines. First Monday, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i6.5331

Eyal, N., with R. Hoover (2014). Hooked: how to build habit-forming products. New York: Portfolio.

Ferri, G. (2014). To play against: describing competition in gamification. In M. Fuchs, S. Fizek, P. Ruffino, & N. Schrape (Eds.), Rethinking gamification (pp. 201-222). Lüneburg: Meson Press.

Fessenden, Therese (2018, Apr 15). Scrolling and attention. Nielsen Norman Group. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/scrolling-and-attention/

Flomenhoft, G. (2017). The triumph of Pareto. Real-World Economics Review, 80, 14-31.

Fogg, B. J. (1998). Persuasive computers: perspectives and research directions. In Proceedings of the CHI98: ACM Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems (pp. 225-232). New York: ACM/Addison-Wesley.

Foucault, M. (1994). Le sujet et le pouvoir. In M. Foucault, Dits et écrits, 1954-1988, tome IV: 1980-1988 (pp. 222-243). Paris: Gallimard.

Foucault, M. (2004). Naissance de la biopolitique: cours au Collège de France (1978-1979). Paris: Gallimard/Seuil.

Frantz, R. (2013). Frederick Hayek’s behavioral economics in historical context. In R. Frantz & R. Leeson (Eds.), Hayek and behavioral economics (pp. 1-34). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Friedman, M., & Friedman, R. (1980). Free to choose: a personal statement. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Frischmann, Brett; Selinger, Evan (2018). Re-engineering humanity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Galloway, A. R. (2006). Gaming: essays on algorithmic culture. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.

Gibson, J. J. (2015). The ecological approach to visual perception. New York and London: Psychology Press.

Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie, P. J. Boczkowski, & K. A. Foot (Eds.), Media technologies: essays on communication, materiality, and society (pp. 167-193). Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.

Gillespie, T., & Seaver, N. (2016, Dec 15). Critical algorithm studies: a reading list. Social Media Collective (SMC)/Microsoft Research. https://socialmediacollective.org/reading-lists/critical-algorithm-studies/

Gitelman, Lisa (Ed.) (2013). “Raw data” is an oxymoron. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.

Glick, M., Richards, G., Sapozhnikov, M., & Seabright, P. (2014, Sep). How does ranking affect user choice in online search? Review of Industrial Organization, 45(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-014-9435-y

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life (rev. ed.). New York: Anchor.

Guattari, F. (2000). The three ecologies. (I. Pindar & P. Sutton, Trans.). London and New Brunswick: Athlone.

Hayek, F. A. (1998). Law, legislation and liberty: a new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy (3 vols.). London: Routledge.

Hayek, F. A. (2014). The market and other orders. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Hjelholt, M., & Schou, J. (2017). Digital lifestyles between solidarity, discipline and neoliberalism: on the historical transformations of the Danish IT political field from 1994 to 2016. tripleC, 15(1), 370-389. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v15i1.844

Hosie, R. (2017, Mar 24). “Instagrammability”: most important factor for millennials on choosing holiday destination. The Independent.

Huizinga, J. (1949). Homo ludens: a study of the play-element in culture. London, Boston and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Introna, L. D., & Nissenbaum, H. (2000). Shaping the Web: why the politics of search engines matter. The Information Society, 16(3), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240050133634

Kahneman, Daniel (2003, Dec). Maps of bounded rationality: psychology for behavioral economics. American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449-1475. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322655392

Kareem, R., & Bhaya, W. (2018). Fake profiles types of online social networks: a survey. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.19), 919-925. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19.28071

Kleve, P., & De Mulder, R. (2005, Nov). Code is Murphy’s law. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 19(3), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600860500348481

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lawson, S. (2013, May 22). Walmart to send automated shopping lists to its mobile app. CIO.

Lazzarato, M. (2006). Políticas del acontecimiento (P. E. Rodríguez, trad.). Buenos Aires: Tinta Limón.

Leiser, M. (2016). AstroTurfing, “CyberTurfing” and other online persuasion campaigns. European Journal of Law and Technology, 7(1).

Lessig, L. (2006). Code: version 2.0. New York: Basic Books.

Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big Data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work and think. Boston and New York: Eamon Dolan.

McClusky, Mark (2009, Jun 22). The Nike experiment: how the shoe giant unleashed the power of personal metrics. Wired.

McNee, S. M., Riedl, J., & Konstan, J. A. (2006). Being accurate is not enough: how accuracy metrics have hurt recommender systems. In CHI ‘06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1097-1101). New York: ACM.

Mises, L. (1998). Human action: a treatise on economics (scholar’s ed.). Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Nettleton, S., Burrows, R., & O’Malley, L. (2005, Nov). The mundane realities of the everyday lay use of the internet for health, and their consequences for media convergence. Sociology of Health & Illness, 27(7), 972-992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00466.x

O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: how Big Data increases inequality and threatens democracy. New York: Crown.

Pareto, V. (1897). Cours d’économie politique professé à l’Université de Lausanne (tome second). Lausanne: F. Rouge/Paris: F. Pichon.

Petre, C., Duffy, B. E., & Hund, E. (2019, Oct-Dec). “Gaming the system”: platform paternalism and the politics of algorithmic visibility. Social Media + Society, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119879995

Pinch, T. (2012). Book reviewing for Amazon.com: how socio-technical systems struggle to make less from more. In B. Czarniawska & O. Löfgren (Eds.), Managing overflow in affluent societies (pp. 68-87). New York and London: Routledge.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (2014). The wearable future. https://www.pwc.ru/en/retail-consumer/publications/assets/pwc-cis-wearable-future.pdf

Samuelson, P. A. (1966). A note on the pure theory of consumers’ behaviour. In P. A. Samuelson, The collected scientific papers of Paul A. Samuelson (vol. I, pp. 3-14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Scissors, L., Burke, M., & Wengrovitz, S. (2016). What’s in a Like? Attitudes and behaviors around receiving Likes on Facebook. In CSCW ‘16: Proceedings of the 19. ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. New York: ACM.

Seaver, N. (2019, Dec). Captivating algorithms: recommender systems as traps. Journal of Material Culture, 24(4), 421-436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183518820366

Shore, C., & Wright, S. (2015, Jun). Audit culture revisited: rankings, ratings, and the reassembling of society. Current Anthropology, 56(3), 421-444. https://doi.org/10.1086/681534

Simon, H. A. (1955, Feb). A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852

Smith, A. (1981). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (vol. 1). Indianapolis: LibertyClassics.

Sontag, S. (2005). On photography. New York: Rosetta.

Spangler, T. (2021, Jan 20). Netflix will roll out “shuffle play” feature worldwide in first half of 2021. Variety.

Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. Cambridge, UK, and Malden: Polity Press.

Strathern, M. (2000, Jun). The tyranny of transparency. British Educational Research Journal, 26(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/713651562

Sumner, E. M., Ruge-Jones, L., & Alcorn, D. (2018). A functional approach to the Facebook Like button: an exploration of meaning, interpersonal functionality, and potential alternative response buttons. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1451-1469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817697917

Sunstein, C. R. (2014). Why nudge? The politics of libertarian paternalism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Sunstein, C. R. (2018). “Better off, as judged by themselves”: a comment on evaluating nudges. International Review of Economics, 65(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-017-0280-9

Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. New York: Anchor.

Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2003, May). Libertarian paternalism. American Economic Review, 93(2), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321947001

Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

The Economist (2019, Oct 5). The economics of streaming is changing pop songs. The Economist.

Tovey, M. (Ed.) (2008). Collective intelligence: creating a prosperous world at peace. Oakton: Earth Intelligence Network.

van Dijck, José (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big Data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance & Society, 12(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776

Wal, T. V. (2005, Nov 2). Folksonomy definition and Wikipedia. https://www.vanderwal.net/random/entrysel.php?blog=1750

Weber, M. (2016). Die protestantische Ethik und der “Geist” des Kapitalismus. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

Whitehead, M., Jones, R., Lilley, R., Howell, R., & Pykett, J. (2019). Neuroliberalism: cognition, context, and the geographical bounding of rationality. Progress in Human Geography, 43(4), 632-649. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518777624

Witzenberger, K. (2018). The hyperdodge: how users resist algorithmic objects in everyday life. Media Theory, 2(2), 29-51.

Yeung, K. (2017). “Hypernudge”: Big Data as a mode of regulation by design. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 118-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1186713

Ziewitz, M. (2019). Rethinking gaming: the ethical work of optimization in web search engines. Social Studies of Science, 49(5), 707-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719865607

Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. New York: PublicAffairs.

Downloads

Publicado

2023-12-31

Edição

Secção

Artigos