Porto vs Benfica. Uma cartografia entre o amor e o ódio no Twitter

Autores

  • Branco Di Fátima CIES-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia
  • Célia Gouveia CIES-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia
  • Tiago Lapa CIES-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia

Palavras-chave:

futebol, comunicação, análise de redes sociais, Twitter, Portugal

Resumo

A comunicação desportiva atinge atualmente novos domínios sociais, em particular, nas redes sociais. Molda cosmovisões clubísticas, narrativas e crenças. Serve de veículo no qual os membros das comunidades de adeptos participam da promulgação, produção, consumo e organização de eventos. Utilizando como estudo de caso o jogo de futebol entre FC Porto e SL Benfica da 13ª jornada da Liga NOS, o artigo tem como objetivos identificar os influenciadores do clássico no Twitter, a abrangência geográfica das conversações, os períodos de maior fluxo das mensagens e a narrativa semântica de quatro cliques que se formaram em torno do jogo. A recolha de dados ocorreu entre as 20h e 24h de 1º de dezembro de 2017, o que permitiu englobar a antecipação e o rescaldo do jogo, e resultou numa base de dados com 301.451 mensagens, criadas por 124.459 perfis, associadas pelas hashtags #FCPSLB, #FCPorto e #SLBenfica. Para interpretar os dados foi empregada a Análise de Redes Sociais. Os resultados apontam o adepto como maior influenciador da rede, descentralizando e desafiando o controlo da comunicação externa por parte dos clubes, a abrangência global e a mediatização do evento, a batalha das perspetivas entre comunidades e a relação dos fluxos comunicacionais com episódios do jogo.

Biografias Autor

Branco Di Fátima, CIES-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia

Jornalista e escritor. Investigador do CIES-IUL. Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação pelo ISCTE-IUL.

Célia Gouveia, CIES-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia

Investigadora do CIES-IUL. Mestra e doutoranda em Ciências da Comunicação pelo ISCTE-IUL.

Tiago Lapa, CIES-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia

Professor Auxiliar do ISCTE-IUL. Investigador do CIES-IUL. Doutor em Sociologia.

Referências

Bastian, M.; Heymann, S. & Jacomy, M. (2009). Gephi: An open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. ICWSM – International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 8: 361-362.

Boyle, R. (2012). Reflections on Communication and Sport: On journalism and digital culture. Communication & Sport, 1(1/2): 88-99.

Boyle, R. & Haynes, R. (2006). The Football Industry and Public Relations. In J. L’Etang & M. Pieczka, Public Relations: Critical Debates and Contemporary Practice (pp. 221-240). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Breese, E. B. (2016). When Marketers and Academics Share a Research Platform: The Story of Crimson Hexagon. Journal of Applied Social Science, 10(1): 3-7.

Bruns, A. (2012). How long is a tweet? Mapping dynamic conversation networks on Twitter using Gawk and Gephi. Information, Communication & Society, 15(9): 1323-1351.

Bruns, A. & Stieglitz, S. (2013). Towards More Systematic Twitter Analysis: metrics for tweeting activities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(2): 91-108.

Castells, M. (2013). O Poder da Comunicação. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.

Chadwick, A. (2011). The Political Information Cycle in a Hybrid News System: The British Prime Minister and the ‘Bullygate’ affair. International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(1): 3-29.

Chamberlain, B.; Levy-Kramer, J.; Humby, C. & Deisenroth, M. (2018). Real-time Community Detection in Full Social Networks on a Laptop. PLoS ONE, 13(1): 3-37.

Chesebro, J. (1984). The Media Reality: Epistemological Functions of Media in Cultural Systems. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1: 111-130.

Rowe, D. (2014). Following the Followers: Sport Researchers’ Labour Lost in the Twittersphere?. Communication & Sport, 2(2): 117-121.

Di Fátima, B. (2014). Fiat Mio: comunidades virtuais e colaboração em rede. Vozes & Diálogo, 13(2): 86-98.

Domingos, N. (2012). Os Usos da Narrativa Futebolística Portuguesa em Maputo. Etnográfica: Revista do Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia, 16(1): 163-183.

Duncan, M. & Messner, M. (1989). The Media Image of Sport and Gender. In L. Wenner, MediaSport (pp. 170-85). New York: Routledge.

Dunning, E. (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence, and Civilization. London: Routledge.

Esteves, J. (2016). Sociologia da Comunicação (2ed.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.

Fornäs, J. (1998). Digital Borderlands: Identity and Interactivity in Culture, Media and Communications. Nordicom Review, 19(1): 27-38.

Frandsen, K. (2014). Mediatization of Sport. In K. Lundby, Mediatization of Communication (pp. 525-543). Berlim: Mouton de Gruyter.

Frandsen, K. (2016). Sports Organizations in a New Wave of Mediatization. Communication & Sport, 4(4): 385-400.

Giulianotti, R. (1999). Football: A Sociology of the Global Game. London: Polity Press.

Gouveia, C.; Lapa, T. & Di Fátima, B. (2018). Benfica vs Sporting: o derby visto a partir do Twitter. Observatorio (OBS*), 12(2): 61-79.

Hambrick, M. & Pegoraro, A. (2014). Social Sochi: Using Social Network Analysis to Investigate Electronic Word-of-Mouth Transmitted Through Social Media Communities. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 15(3/4): 120-140.

Hambrick, M.; Simmons, J.; Greenhalgh, G. & Greenwell, T. (2010). Understanding Professional Athletes’ Use of Twitter: A Content Analysis of Athlete Tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3: 454-471.

Highfield, T. (2014). Following the Yellow Jersey Tweeting the Tour de France. In K.Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt & C. Puschmann, Twitter and Society (pp. 249-262). New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.

Highfield, T.; Harrington, S. & Bruns, A. (2013). Twitter as a technology for audiencing and fandom: The #Eurovision phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3): 315-339.

Hopwood, M.; Skinner, J. & Kitchin, P. (2010). Sport Public Relations and Communication. New York: Routledge.

Horne, J. (2006). Sport in Consumer Culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hoye, R.; Nicholson, M. & Brown, K. (2012). Involvement in Sport and Social Connectedness. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(1): 3-21.

Hutchins, B. (2011). The Acceleration of Media Sport Culture: Twitter, telepresence and online messaging. Information, Communication & Society, 14(2): 237-257.

Hutchins, B. (2016). The Many Modalities of Social Networking: The Role of Twitter in Greens Politics. Environmental Communication, 10(1): 25-42.

Hutchins, B. & Rowe, D. (2012). Sport Beyond Television: The Internet, Digital Media and the Rise of Networked Media Sport. London: Routledge.

Java, A.; Finin, T.; Song, X. & Tseng, B. (2007). Why we Twitter: Understanding microblogging usage and communities. Joint 9th Webkdd and 1st SNA-KDD Workshop. San Jose, California: ACM – Social Network Mining and Analysis Workshop.

Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.

Jhally, S. (1984). The Spectacle of Accumulation: Material and Cultural Factors in the Evolution of the Sports/Media Complex. Critical Sociology, 12(3): 41-57.

Kassing, J. & Sanderson, J. (2010). Fan–Athlete Interaction and Twitter Tweeting Through the Giro: A Case Study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(1): 113-128.

Kassing, J.; Billings, A.; Brown, R.; Halone, K.; Kristen Harrison, K., et al. (2004). Communication in the Community of Sport: The Process of Enacting, (Re)Producing, Consuming, and Organizing Sport. Annals of the international communication Association, 28(1): 373-409.

Maguire, J. & Poulton, E. (1999). European Identity Politics in Euro 96: Invented traditions and national habitus codes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 34(1): 17-20.

Maguire, J.; Poulton, E. & Possamai, C. (1999). Weltkrieg III? Media coverage of England vs Germany in Euro 96. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 23(4): 439-454.

Marwick, A. & boyd, D. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1): 114-133.

McQuail, D. (2003). Teoria da Comunicação de Massas. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.

Meân, L. (2001). Identity and Discursive Practice: Doing gender on the football pitch. Discourse and Society, 12(6): 789-814.

Meân, L. (2014). Sport, Identities, and Consumption: The construction of sport at ESPN.com. In A. Billings & M. Hardin, Routledge Handbook of Sport and New Media (pp. 162-180). London/New York: Routledge.

Oliveira, J. (2017). Comunicação e Quotidiano. Lisboa: Tinta-da-china.

Ovadia, S. (2009). Exploring the Potential of Twitter as a Research Tool. Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian, 28(4): 202-205.

Parente, D. (1977). The Interdependence of Sports and Television. Journal of Communication, 27(3): 128-132.

Parganas, P.; Anagnostopoulos, C. & Chadwick, S. (2015). ‘You’ll never tweet alone’: Managing sports brands through social media. Journal of Brand Management, 22(7):551-568.

Pedersen, M. (2012). Reflections on Communication and Sport: On Strategic Communication and Management. Communication & Sport, 1(1/2): 55-67.

Pedersen, M.; Laucella, P.; Miloch, K. & Fielding, L. (2007). The juxtaposition of sport and communication: Defining the field of sport communication. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 2(3): 193-207.

Pegoraro, A. (2010). Look who’s talking–Athletes on Twitter: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4): 501-514.

Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Real, M. (2006). Sports Online: The Newest Player in Mediasport. In A. Raney & J. Bryant, Handbook of Sports and Media (pp. 183-197). UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.

Redhead, S. (2014). Scream if you Wanna go Faster: The City of the Instant and Sport and New Media. Futurism of the Instant. Left Curve, 38(28).

Risse, T. et al. (2014). Documenting contemporary society by preserving relevant information from Twitter. In Weller, K. et al. (ed.), Twitter and society (pp. 207-219). New York: Peter Lang.

Risse, T.; Peters, W.; Senellart, P. & Maynard, D. (2014). Documenting Contemporary Society by Preserving Relevant Information from Twitter. In K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt & C. Puschmann (ed.), Twitter and Society (pp. 207-219). New York: Peter Lang.

Rowe, D. (2004). Sport, Culture and the Media. England: Open University Press.

Sanderson, J. (2013). Facebook, Twitter and sports fans: Identity protection and social network sites in US. In B. Hutchins & D. Rowe, Digital Media Sport: Technology, power and culture in the network society (pp. 124-138). New York: Routledge.

Sandvoss, C. (2003). A Game of Two Halves: Football, Television and Globalization. London: Routledge.

Santomier, J. (2008). New Media, Branding and Global Sports Sponsorship. Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 10(1): 9-22.

Scott, J. & Carrington, P. (2011). The SAGE handbook of social network analysis. London: SAGE publications.

Shapiro, M. (1989). Representing world politics: The Sport/War Intertext. In J. Derian & M. Shapiro, International/Intertextual Relations (pp. 69-96). New York: Lexington Books.

Silva, F. et al. (2008). Itinerários: a investigação nos 25 anos do ICS. Lisboa: ICS.

Smith, A. & Westerbeek, H. (2004). The sport Business Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Tomlinson, J. (2007). The Culture of Speed: The coming of immediacy. London: Sage.

van Dijck, J. (2011). Tracing Twitter: The rise of a microblogging platform. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 7(3): 333-348.

van Dijck, T. (1993). Principles of Critical discourse Analysis. Discourse and Society, 4(2): 249-283.

Wann, D. & Branscombe, N.. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24: 1-17.

Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Weinberg, T. (2009). The New Community Rules: Marketing on the Social Web. USA: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Weller, K.; Bruns, A.; Burgess, J. & Mahrt, M. (2013). Twitter and Society. New York: Peter Lang.

Wenner, L. (1989). Media, Sports, and Society. Newburg Park, California: Sage Publication, Inc.

Wenner, L. (1998). MediaSport. New York: Routledge.

Wenner, L. & Billings, A. (2017). Sport, Media and Mega-Events. New York: Routledge.

West, D. (2015). Digital divide: improving internet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content. Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings, February: 01-30.

Whannel, G. (2014). The Paradoxical Character of Live Television Sport in the Twenty-first Century. Television and New Media, 15(8): 769-776.

Zhang, J.; Sung, Y. & Lee, W.-N. (2010). To Play or Not to Play: An Exploratory Content Analysis of Branded Entertainment in Facebook. American Journal of Business, 25(1): 53-64.

Zhu, G. & Iglesias, C. (2018). Exploiting semantic similarity for named entity disambiguation in knowledge graphs. Expert Systems with Applications, 101: 8-24.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-05-29

Edição

Secção

Artigos